命令：grep
用途：搜尋文字
用法: grep match_pattern filename
1.支援多種匹配格式
-e:支援正規表示式，等同egrep
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo "this is a line.
" | grep -e "
[a-z]\.
"this
isa line.
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo "
this is a line.
" | egrep "
[a-z]\.
"this
is a line.
-i:忽略樣式中的大小寫
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line.
" | grep -i "
[a-z]\.
"this
isa line.
this
is another line.
-e:匹配多個樣式
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line." | grep -e "[a-z]\." -e "[a-z]\."this is a line.
this is another line.
-f:從檔案中讀採樣式，逐行寫下需要匹配的樣式
yang@ubuntu:~$ cat pat_file[a-z]\.
[a-z]\.
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "
this is a line.\nthis is another line.
" | grep -f pat_file
this
isa line.
this
is another line.
-v：列印除match_pattern之外的所有行
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line.\nthis is the third line.
" | grep -v "
third
"this
isa line.
this
is another line.
2.輸出多種形式
-c:統計包含匹配字串的行個數
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line.\nthis is the third line.
" | grep -c "
[a-z]\.
"2
-o:只輸出檔案中匹配到的文字部分
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line.\nthis is the third line.
" | grep -o "
[a-z]\."e.
e.
統計包含匹配字串的個數
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line.\nthis is the third line.
" | grep -o "
[a-z]\.
" | wc -l
2
-b：輸出行距離起始的位置（-b -o：匹配字串距離起始的位置）
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line.\nthis is the third line.
" | grep -b "
[a-z]\.
"0:this
isa line.
38:this
isthe third line.
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "
this is a line.\nthis is another line.\nthis is the third line.
" | grep -b -o "
[a-z]\."13
:e.59:e.
-n:列印出包含匹配字串所在的行號
yang@ubuntu:~$ echo -e "this is a line.\nthis is another line.\nthis is the third line.
" | grep -n -e "
[a-z]\.
"1:this
isa line.
3:this
is the third line.
-l:輸出匹配的檔案列表
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ cat a.txtthis
isa line.
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ cat b.txt
this
isa line.
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep -l "
[a-z]\.
"a.txt b.txt
b.txt
-l:輸出不匹配的檔案列表
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep -l "[a-z]\.
"a.txt b.txt
a.txt
-a:匹配結果之後的行
-b:匹配結果之前的行
-c:匹配結果之前和之後的行
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep -e "[a-z]\.
" file1.txt -c 1
this
isa line.
this
isa second line.
this
is the third line.
-q 返回是否包含，如果包含返回0，沒有返回非0
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep -q -e "[0-9]\.
"file1.txt
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ echo $?
1yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep -q -e "
[a-z]\.
"file1.txt
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ echo $?
0
3.支援多種檔案選項
支援多檔案
yang@ubuntu:~$ cat file1.txtthis is a line.
this is a second line.
this is the third line.
yang@ubuntu:~$ cat file2.txt
this is a line.
this is a second line.
this is the third line.
yang@ubuntu:~$ grep "[a-z]\." file1.txt file2.txt
file1.txt:this is a second line.
file2.txt:this is a second line.
-r：遞迴搜尋檔案
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ tree.├── exclude
│ └── file3.txt
├── file1.txt
└── include
└── file2.log
2 directories, 3
files
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep "
[a-z]\.
" . -r
./file1.txt:this
isa second line.
./include/file2.log:this
isa second line.
./exclude/file3.txt:this
is a second line.
--include:只在目錄中遞迴包含的檔案
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep "[a-z]\.
" . -r --include *.log
./include/file2.log:this
is a second line.
--exclude:在目錄中排除的檔案之外遞迴
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep "[a-z]\.
" . -r --exclude *.log
./file1.txt:this
isa second line.
./exclude/file3.txt:this
is a second line.
--excelude-dir:排除目錄
yang@ubuntu:~/file$ grep "[a-z]\.
" . -r --exclude-dir "
exclude
"./file1.txt:this
isa second line.
./include/file2.log:this
is a second line.
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